Pharmaceutical and food compositions for preventing or treating diabetes or obesity

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical and food compositions for preventing or treating diabetes or obesity, and more particularly to pharmaceutical compositions and functional foods for preventing or treating diabetes or obesity, which contain, as an active ingredient, a novel compound synthesized from a compound separated from an extract of the  Stereocaulon alpinum . The novel compounds of the invention have very excellent PTP-1b (protein tyrosine phosphatase-1b) inhibitory activities, act selectively only on PTP-1b among protein tyrosine phosphatases, and are substantial PTP-1b inhibitors which are effective in preventing or treating diabetes or obesity.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/878,196 filed on Apr. 5, 2013, which claims priority under theprovisions of 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Patent Application No.PCT/KR2011/004836 filed Jul. 1, 2011 and published on Apr. 12, 2012 asInternational Patent Application Publication No. WO2012/046945, which inturn claims priority of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2010-0097677filed Oct. 7, 2010, Korean Patent Application No. 10-2010-0097678 filedOct. 7, 2010, and Korean Patent Application No. 10-2011-0039155 filedApr. 26, 2011. The disclosures of all of the foregoing applications arehereby incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties,for all purposes.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to pharmaceutical and food compositionsfor preventing or treating diabetes or obesity, and more particularly topharmaceutical compositions and functional foods for preventing ortreating diabetes or obesity, which contain, as an active ingredient, anovel compound synthesized from a compound separated from an extract ofthe Antarctic lichens Stereocaulon alpinum.

BACKGROUND ART

Antarctic lichens are known to produce unique secondary metabolitesdifferent from those produced by higher plants (Ingolfsdottir, K.,Phytochemistry, 61:729, 2002). The secondary metabolites produced bythese lichens mostly belong to the chemical classes of depsides,depsidones, and dibenzofurans, and these compounds are supposed to beassociated with the low growth rate of lichens (Kumar, K. C. S. et al.,J. Nat. Prod., 62:817, 1999; Huneck, S., Naturwissenschaften, 86:559,1999). In addition, the various biological activities of lichens,including antibiotic, antimycobacterial, antiviral, pain-killing, andantipyretic activities, and so on were found in screening processes(Ingolfsdottir, K., Phytochemistry, 61:729, 2002; Kumar, K. C. S. etal., J. Nat. Prod., 62:817, 1999). Thus, Interest has grown in thedevelopment of medical drugs using lichen metabolites.

Meanwhile, diabetes is metabolic disorder symptom, includinghyperglycemia, which results from defects in insulin action, insulinsecretion, or both. Also, diabetes is more likely to cause vascularcomplications in the future and can be mostly divided into type 1diabetes and type 2 diabetes. The type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes iscaused by immune-mediated destruction of beta cells in the pancreas andthe absolute deficiency of insulin accordingly, and the type 2(non-insulin-dependent) diabetes is developed when the body producesinsulin but not enough or cannot use it properly. In the state ofinsulin resistance in which the body's cells do not respond to insulinproperly, the utilization of energy sources, particularly sugars, in thebody, is insufficient so that energy required for the body is deficient,and excess sugars accumulate in blood and are released with urine. Thus,diabetes is one of chronic degenerative diseases that are difficult tobe cured by the roots.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations (UN)emphasize that the number of diabetic patients in the world would reachabout 246 millions at the end of the year 2007, and that the preventionof the onset of diabetes, strict regulation of blood glucose levels, andprevention of complications resulting from diabetes are important as thenumber of deaths caused by diabetes increases gradually year by year. Inaddition, the Korean Diabetes Association and the Korean HealthInsurance Review Assessment Service reported that the total number ofdiabetic patients in 2003 in Korea was 4.01 millions and that the numberof diabetic patients in Korea will reach 7.2 millions in 2030, whichcorrespond to one out of every seven people of the Korean population.Especially, a rapid increase in medical expenses has a close connectionwith an explosive increase in the number of diabetic patients as well asa continuous increase in diabetic complications and an increase in thelife expectancy of diabetic patients. Chronic degenerative diseases suchas diabetes are increasing whereas the life expectancy of people isbeing extended due to the change in eating habits resulting from rapideconomic development.

In Korea, type 2 diabetes cases account for more than 99% of totaldiabetes cases, and type 1 diabetes cases account for less than about 1,which are different from those in foreign counties in which type 2diabetes cases account for about 90% and type 1 diabetes cases accountfor about 10%. Diabetes is caused by a variety of factors, includingheredopathia (family disease history accounts for about 20% of thecases) and circumstance, ages (40-49 years old occupy about 60%),obesity, reduced immunity, drug abuse, and stress. Although themechanism of onset of diabetes has not been clearly found, it is knownthat diabetes is caused by multiple genetic factors, except for severaltypes of diabetes (e.g., MODY), and there is a limit to find genes whichare consistently involved in diabetes. In other words, the onset ofdiabetes is associated with various genes, and many new genes involvedin the onset of diabetes are currently being found.

Because diabetes is caused by various mechanisms, various methods areused to treat diabetes. In addition, conventional methods for treatingdiabetes do not exhibit satisfactory effects in many cases, and thus anew method for treating diabetes is required. Studies on diabetestherapeutic agents have been made mainly to develop agents for treatingtype 2 diabetes accounting for more than 90% of diabetes cases (seeTables 1 and 2).

TABLE 1 Status of development of diabetes-associated drugs in Korea Nameof Subject of company Development Phase Remarks Samjin Pharm Developmentof Preclinical New drug Co., Ltd. diabetes therapeutic development agentfrom natural substances Differentiation of Investigation New drugembryonic stem cells development into pancreatic beta- cells SK Co.,Ltd. Diabetes Application New drug development Yuyu Pharm YYGGInvestigation New drug Co., Ltd. development Yuhan Pharm BiochipApplication Improvement, Co., Ltd. diagnosis Chong Kun Dang Geneticrecombinant Phase III Improved Pharmaceutical human insulin new drugCo., Ltd. Neomary tablet Marketed Improved new drug Hanmi Pharm HM80200Development Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. ingredient Excerpt: 2004 -Pharmaceutical Industry White Paper, Korea Health Industry DevelopmentInstitute, December 2004

There have been many studies on insulin secretion stimulators(pirogliride, linogliride, 2,4-diamino-5-cyano-dibromopyridine,incretin, repaglinide, nateglinide), insulin action enhancers(troglitazone), insulin resistance improvers, drugs exhibitinginsulin-like effects in target tissue (pirogliride, linogliride,dichloroacetate, insulin lispro, insulin aspart), luconeogenesisinhibitors (lipase inhibitors, carnitine transferase inhibitors,beta-oxidation inhibitors), agents delaying carbohydrate absorption(dietary fiber, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors), and amylin analogues(pramlintide).

Some of these substances are currently being marketed, but a significantnumber of these substances are in experimental stages or toxicity teststages. Particularly, it is expected that fast-acting insulin secretionstimulators and insulin resistance improvers, developed in view ofbiorhythm, will be one of the effective treatment methods of diabetesand that the development of these drugs will be active in the future.

In addition, studies on the causes of diabetes have been conducted forpast ten years under the presumption that insulin resistance resultsfrom defects in insulin receptors. Currently, studies are being directedtoward insulin signaling systems.

TABLE 2 Status of development of new drugs for treating diabetesMechanisms Clinical Phases of Action L III II I P Leading companiesα-Glucosidase 3 1 Bayer, Takeda, Chong inhibitor Kun Dang Insulinagonist 13 5 11 4 27 Chiron, Eli Lilly, IDEA Zymo- Genetics, Aventis,Novo Nordisk, Akzo Nobel, Biobras, Alkermes, Merk KGaA Glucagon like 1 41 4 Amylin, Eli Lilly, Novo peptide-1 Nordisk, Restoragen, agonistZealand Pharmaceuticals β3-Adrenoreceptor 1 2 1 Dainippon, Asahi Kasei,agonist GlaxoSmithKline Dipeptidyl peptide 2 1 Bristol-Myers Squibb,Novatis IV inhibitor Peroxisome 2 2 6 Novatis, Kyorin, BMS, proliferatorGlaxoSmithKline activated receptor α agonist Protein tyrosine 1 7 Wyeth,ISIS Pharmaceutical phosphatase- 1B inhibitor Leptin stimulator 1 1Amgen, Tularik Melanocortin-4 1 Neurocrine Biosciences agonist AMPKstimulant 2 2 1 1 Andrx, Merck KGaA, Flamel Technologies Peroxisome 3 49 GlaxoSmithKline, proliferator Samchundang, BMS, activated receptorJapan Tabacco, Dr Reddy's γ agonist Kyorin Excerpt: Trends in HealthIndustry & Technology, “Recent Trends in Studies on Diabetes TherapeuticAgents”, 2003

It was reported that, when the activities of PTP-1b (protein tyrosinephosphatase-1b) in the adipocytes of persons with obese type 2 andnon-obese type 2 diabetes were examined, the expression levels of theprotein were 3 times and 5.5 times, respectively, than that in thenormal group, and that the activities of the protein were 71% and 88% ofthat in the normal group, respectively. Recently, it was reported thatPTP-1b knockout mice showed increased sensitivity to insulin andresistance to high-fat diets. In addition, based on a number of studiesreported recently, it appears that a substance which inhibits theactivity of PTP-1b can increase sensitivity to insulin in target cellsto overcome insulin resistance. In the Korea Chemical Bank,high-throughput random screening has been carried out in order todevelop PTP-1b inhibitors from tens of thousands of compounds which havenot yet been developed into drugs.

Meanwhile, leptin is released from adipocytes into blood, passes throughthe brain-blood barrier and then acts as a receptor in the centralnervous system to suppress food intake, reduce bodyweight and promoteenergy consumption. Thus, based on the new finding that PTP-1b regulatesthe activity of leptin itself, it is expected that PTP-1b will exhibit asynergistic effect with a leptin agonist (Koren, S., Best Pract. Res.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 21:621, 2007).

Thus, the importance of PTP-1b inhibitors in the development of agentsfor treating obesity or obese type 2 diabetes is increasing. In recentyears, pioneer compounds of PTP-1b inhibitor found by HTS(high-throughput screening) were reported. Until now, studies on PTP-1band the development of PTP-1b inhibitors have not been clinicallysuccessful. However, as shown in Table 3 below, PTP-1b inhibitors arebeing developed by many research groups and companies.

TABLE 3 PTB-1b inhibitors being developed Names of Medical DevelopmentMechanisms drugs Companies Phases Others Protein tyrosine ErtiprotafibWyeth Phase II Benzenepropanoic acid phosphatase (discontinued) 1Binhibitor SIS-113718 ISIS preclinical 2^(nd)-generation antisensePharmaceuticals PTP-1b inhibitor OS-86839 Ontogen preclinical Selectivenon-peptide inhibitor of PTP-1b PTP-1b Abbott preclinicalPhosphastase-1B inhibitor inhibitor PTP-1b Array preclinical PTP-1binhibitor inhibitor BioPharma PTP-1b Structural preclinicalOrally-active selective inhibitor Bioinformatics PTP-1b inhibitor PTP-1bKaken preclinical Orally-active PTPase inhibitor inhibitorPharmaceuticals Excerpt: Pharmaproject, 2002

However, most PTP-1b inhibitors were developed as non-hydrolyzablephosphotyrosine mimetics targeting the active sites of positivelycharged PTP-1b, and thus have low selectivity and bioavailability (Liu,S. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130:17075, 2008).

Accordingly, the present inventors have made extensive efforts todevelop agents effective for treating obesity and diabetes, and as aresult, found that sodium lobarate, which is a salt of lobaric acidseparated from an extract of the Antarctic lichen Stereocaulon alpinum,is water-soluble and can be easily applied, and in addition to thissodium lobarate, newly synthesized Lobarin and Lobarstin inhibit PTP-1bmore effectively than lobaric acid, and act selectively only on PTP-1bamong protein tyrosine phosphatases, and also show anti-diabetic effectswhen they are administered to disease model animals, thereby completingthe present invention.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a pharmaceuticalcomposition and a functional food for preventing or treating diabetes orobesity, which contains, as an active ingredient, a novel compoundsynthesized from a compound separated from an extract of Stereocaulonalpinum.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, the method comprising a stepof administering a novel compound synthesized from a compound separatedfrom an extract of Stereocaulon alpinum.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method forinhibiting the activity of PTP-1b (protein tyrosine phosphatase-1b), themethod comprising a step of administering a novel compound synthesizedfrom a compound separated from an extract of Stereocaulon alpinum.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide the use of anovel compound, synthesized from a compound separated from an extract ofStereocaulon alpinum, for prevention or treatment of diabetes orobesity.

To achieve the above objects, the present invention provides a compoundrepresented by the following Formula 1:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consistingof H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an allyl group, an arylalkyl group,and an acyl group.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, which comprises, as anactive ingredient, the compound represented by the above Formula 1.

The present invention also provides a functional food for preventing oralleviating diabetes or obesity, which comprises, as an activeingredient, the compound represented by the above Formula 1.

The present invention also provides a compound represented by thefollowing Formula 2:

The present invention also provides a method for preparing a compoundrepresented by the above Formula 2, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) extracting Stereocaulon alpinum with methanol;    -   (b) eluting the Stereocaulon alpinum extract, obtained in step        (a), with an aqueous solution of methanol or acetonitrile        (CH₃CN) by column chromatography;    -   (c) eluting a fraction, eluted in step (b), with an aqueous        solution of acetonitrile (CH₃CN) or methanol by reverse-phase        high-performance liquid chromatography to obtain a lobaric        acid-containing fraction; and    -   (d) dissolving the lobaric acid-containing fraction in a        solvent, adding NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃ or NaH₂PO₄ thereto, stiffing the        mixture, and collecting the compound of the above Formula 2 from        the mixture.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, the composition comprisingthe compound of the above Formula 2 as an active ingredient.

The present invention also provides a functional food for preventing oralleviating diabetes or obesity, the food comprising the compound of theabove Formula 2 as an active ingredient.

The present invention also provides a compound represented by thefollowing Formula 3:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consistingof H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an allyl group, an arylalkyl group,and an acyl group.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, which comprises, as anactive ingredient, the compound represented by the above Formula 3 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention also provides a functional food for preventing oralleviating diabetes or obesity, which comprises, as an activeingredient, the compound represented by the above Formula 3.

The present invention also provides a compound represented by thefollowing Formula 4:

The present invention also provides a method for preparing the compoundrepresented by Formula 4, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) extracting Stereocaulon alpinum with methanol;    -   (b) eluting the Stereocaulon alpinum extract, obtained in step        (a), with an aqueous solution of methanol or acetonitrile        (CH₃CN) by column chromatography;    -   (c) eluting a fraction, eluted in step (b), with an aqueous        solution of acetonitrile (CH₃CN) or methanol by reverse-phase        high-performance liquid chromatography to obtain a lobaric        acid-containing fraction; and    -   (d) dissolving the lobaric acid-containing fraction in a        solvent, adding a base thereto, stirring the mixture to react,        adding an acidic solution to the mixture to stop the reaction,        and then collecting the compound of Formula 4 from the mixture.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, which comprises, as anactive ingredient, the compound of the above Formula 4 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention also provides a functional food for preventing oralleviating diabetes or obesity, which comprises the compound of theabove Formula 4 as an active ingredient.

The present invention also provides a compound represented by thefollowing Formula 5:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consistingof H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an allyl group, an arylalkyl group,and an acyl group.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, which comprises, as anactive ingredient, the compound of the above Formula 5 or apharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

The present invention also provides a functional food for preventing oralleviating diabetes or obesity, which comprises the compound of theabove Formula 5 as an active ingredient.

The present invention also provides a compound represented by thefollowing Formula 6:

The present invention also provides a method for preparing the compoundrepresented by the above Formula 6, the method comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) extracting Stereocaulon alpinum with methanol;    -   (b) eluting the Stereocaulon alpinum extract, obtained in step        (a), with an aqueous solution of methanol or acetonitrile        (CH₃CN) by column chromatography;    -   (c) eluting a fraction, eluted in step (b), with an aqueous        solution of acetonitrile (CH₃CN) or methanol by reverse-phase        high-performance liquid chromatography to obtain a lobaric        acid-containing fraction; and    -   (d) dissolving the lobaric acid-containing fraction in a        solvent, adding water and a base thereto, stirring the mixture        to react, adding an acidic solution to the reaction mixture to        stop the reaction, and then collecting the compound of the above        Formula 6 from the reaction solution.

The present invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, comprising, as an activeingredient, the compound of the above Formula 6 or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.

The present invention also provides a functional food for preventing oralleviating diabetes or obesity, comprising the compound of Formula 6 asan active ingredient.

The present invention also provides a method for preventing or treatingdiabetes or obesity, comprising a step of administering a compound ofFormula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, which is a novel compound synthesized from acompound extracted from an extract of Stereocaulon alpinum.

The present invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula 1,2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, which is a novel compound synthesized from a compoundextracted from an extract of Stereocaulon alpinum, for prevention ortreatment of diabetes or obesity.

The present invention also provides a method of inhibiting the activityof PTP-1b using a compound of Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, which is anovel compound synthesized from a compound extracted from an extract ofStereocaulon alpinum.

The present invention also provides a composition for inhibiting theactivity of PTP-1b, the composition comprising the compound of Formula1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, which is a novel compound synthesized from acompound extracted from an extract of Stereocaulon alpinum.

Other features and embodiments of the present invention will be moreapparent from the following detailed descriptions and the appendedclaims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the results of HPLC analysis conducted to examine thepurity of sodium lobarate.

FIG. 2 shows the ¹H NMR spectrum (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) of sodium lobarate.

FIG. 3 shows the ¹³C NMR spectrum (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆) of sodium lobarate.

FIG. 4 shows HSQC data (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) for sodium lobarate.

FIG. 5 shows HMBC data (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) for sodium lobarate.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing the PTP-1b inhibitory activity of sodiumlobarate.

FIG. 7 is a set of graphs showing inhibitory activities against PTP-1b,PTPN2, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7 and PTPN13, determined by measuringabsorbance at 620 nm.

FIG. 8 is a graphic diagram showing the results of measuring the changein blood glucose levels after intraperitoneal administration of sodiumlobarate.

FIG. 9 is a graphic diagram showing the results of measuring the bloodglucose level following 6 hours of fasting after intraperitonealadministration of sodium lobarate.

FIG. 10 is a graphic diagram showing the results of measuring the changein the blood glucose level 28 days after intraperitoneal administrationof sodium lobarate.

FIG. 11 shows the results of HPLC analysis conducted to examine thepurity of Lobarin.

FIG. 12 shows the results of HRESIMS analysis of Lobarin.

FIG. 13 shows the ¹H NMR spectrum (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) of Lobarin.

FIG. 14 shows the ¹³C NMR spectrum (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) of Lobarin.

FIG. 15 shows HSQC data (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) for Lobarin.

FIG. 16 shows HMBC data (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) for Lobarin.

FIG. 17 is a graph showing PTP-1b inhibitory activity for Lobarin.

FIG. 18 is a set of graphs showing the inhibitory activities of Lobarinagainst PTP-1b, PTPN2, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7 and PTPN13, determined bymeasuring absorbance at 620 nm.

FIG. 19 is a graphic diagram showing the change in the blood glucoselevel after intraperitoneal administration of Lobarin.

FIG. 20 is a graphic diagram showing the results of measuring the bloodglucose level following 6 hours of fasting after intraperitonealadministration of Lobarin.

FIG. 21 is a graphic diagram showing the change in the blood glucoselevel 28 days after intraperitoneal administration of Lobarin.

FIG. 22 shows the results of HPLC analysis conducted to examine thepurity of Lobarstin.

FIG. 23 shows the results of HRESIMS analysis of Lobarstin.

FIG. 24 shows for the ¹H NMR spectrum (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) of Lobarstin.

FIG. 25 shows the ¹³C NMR spectrum (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) of Lobarstin.

FIG. 26 shows COSY data (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) for Lobarstin.

FIG. 27 shows HMQC data (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) for Lobarstin.

FIG. 28 shows HMBC data (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) for Lobarstin.

FIG. 29 shows NOESY data (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) for Lobarstin.

FIG. 30 is a graph showing the PTP-1b inhibitory activity of Lobarstin.

FIG. 31 is a set of graphs showing the inhibitory activities ofLobarstin against PTP-1b, PTPN2, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7 and PTPN13,determined by measuring absorbance at 620 nm.

FIG. 32 is a graphic diagram showing the results of measuring the changein the blood glucose levels after intraperitoneal administration ofLobarstin.

FIG. 33 is a graphic diagram showing the results of measuring the bloodglucose level following 6 hours of fasting after intraperitonealadministration of Lobarstin.

FIG. 34 is a graphic diagram showing the results of a glucose tolerancetest carried out 28 days after intraperitoneal administration ofLobarstin.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which the invention pertains. Generally, the nomenclatureused herein and the experimental methods which will be described laterare those well known and commonly employed in the art.

In the present invention, a sodium lobarate represented by the followingFormula 2, which is a salt of lobaric acid, was obtained from thelobaric acid separated from an extract of Stereocaulon alpinum:

Preferably, the sodium lobarate represented by the above Formula 2 maybe prepared by a method comprising the following steps of:

-   -   (a) extracting Stereocaulon alpinum with methanol;    -   (b) eluting the Stereocaulon alpinum extract, obtained in step        (a), with an aqueous solution of methanol or acetonitrile        (CH₃CN) by column chromatography;    -   (c) eluting a fraction, eluted in step (b), with an aqueous        solution of acetonitrile (CH₃CN) or methanol by reverse-phase        high-performance liquid chromatography to obtain a lobaric        acid-containing fraction; and    -   (d) dissolving the lobaric acid-containing fraction in a        solvent, adding NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃ or NaH₂PO₄ thereto, stiffing the        mixture, and collecting the compound of the above Formula 2 from        the mixture.

Preferably, the step (d) of the method may be performed by dissolvingthe lobaric acid-containing fraction in acetone, adding NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃or NaH₂PO₄ thereto, stiffing the mixture, filtering the solidprecipitated on adding the NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃ or NaH₂PO₄, and concentratingthe filtrate, thereby obtaining the compound of Formula 2.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the Antarctic lichenStereocaulon alpinum (Stereocaulon alpinum (Hedw.) G.L. Sm.) used in thepresent invention was collected from the area around the King SejongStation (S 62° 13.3′, W58° 47.0′) located on Barton Peninsula on KingGeorge Island, Antarctica, in January 2003. Lobaric acid was obtained byextracting dried Stereocaulon alpinum with methanol for 24 hours,evaporating the solvent to obtain the extract, loading the extract ontoa flash column chromatography (5×25 cm) packed with silica gel (C₁₈),sequentially injecting 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and100% (v/v) methanol (MeOH) onto the column, collecting the respectivemethanol fractions, selecting a fraction showing excellent PTP-1binhibitory activity from the collected fractions, and separating alobaric acid of the following Formula 7, which has excellent PTP-1binhibitory activity, from the selected fraction.

Lobaric acid can be obtained by extracting Stereocaulon alpinum withmethanol, eluting the Stereocaulon alpinum extract in an aqueousmethanol solution by column chromatography, and eluting the elutedfraction with an aqueous acetonitrile (CH₃CN) solution by reverse-phasehigh-performance liquid chromatography. Sodium lobarate can be obtainedby dissolving the obtained lobaric acid in acetone, adding NaHCO₃,Na₂CO₃ or NaH₂PO₄ thereto, stirring the mixture, filtering the solidprecipitated on adding the NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃ or NaH₂PO₄, and completelyconcentrating the filtrate by a rotary evaporator, thereby obtaining asodium lobarate of the following Formula 2.

The PTP-1b inhibitory activity of the sodium lobarate has not yet beenreported and the effects of the sodium lobarate on the treatment ofdiabetes or obesity have not yet been reported.

In addition, derivatives of the sodium lobarate of Formula 2, obtainedby modifying some of the alkyl groups, will also fall within the scopeof the present invention. In this aspect, the present invention isdirected to a compound represented by the following Formula 1:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consistingof H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an allyl group, an arylalkyl group,and an acyl group.

The alkyl, aryl, allyl, arylalkyl and acyl groups may, for example,contain 1-20 carbon atoms or 1-10 carbon atoms, wherein examples of thealkyl group include substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and cycloalkylgroups.

It will be obvious to those skilled in the art to obtain a compound ofFormula 1 from the sodium lobarate of Formula 2 by a chemical synthesisor modification thereof known in the art. For example, it may beobtained derivatives of the compound of Formula 1 by the modification ofthe number of carbon atom of R and coupling structures. For example, thesodium lobarate of Formula 2 can be reacted with sodium pentanoate toprovide a compound of Formula 1 wherein R₁ and R₂ are propyl chains. Inaddition, the sodium lobarate of Formula 2 can be reacted with sodiumbutyrate, sodium propionate, sodium hexanoate or the like, which hasdifferent number of carbon atoms compared to sodium pentanoate, therebysynthesizing various derivatives.

In the present invention, it is found that a sodium lobarate, a salt ofthe lobaric acid separated from an extract of Stereocaulon alpinum, hasexcellent PTP-1b (protein tyrosine phosphatase-1b) inhibitory activitycompared to lobaric acid, and thus is effective in preventing ortreating diabetes or obesity. Accordingly, in another aspect, thepresent invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, which comprises the sodiumlobarate as an active ingredient. In addition, the present invention mayprovide a functional food comprising the sodium lobarate as an activeingredient. Thus, in another aspect, the present invention is directedto a functional food for preventing or alleviating diabetes or obesity,which comprises the sodium lobarate as an active ingredient.

Moreover, the sodium lobarate of Formula 2, and the compound of Formula1, obtained by modifying some of alkyl groups, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, will exhibit the same or similar effects, andthus these can provide pharmaceutical compositions or functional foodsfor preventing or treating diabetes or obesity.

In one Example of the present invention, the inhibitory activity ofsodium lobarate against PTP-1b was analyzed comparatively with that oflobaric acid. As a result, it was found that the IC₅₀ of lobaric acidwas 870 nM, whereas the IC₅₀ of sodium lobarate was 350 nM, suggestingthat sodium lobarate has very excellent effect on the inhibition ofPTP-1b. Thus, it was found that sodium lobarate is a compound capable oftreating and preventing diabetes or obesity.

In one Example of the present invention, selectivities of sodiumlobarate for a group of protein tyrosine phosphatases were examined.

In other Examples of the present invention, the relationship of sodiumlobarate with insulin resistance was examined by administering sodiumlobarate to the diabetic animal model db/db mice and measuring thechange in the blood glucose levels and blood insulin level of the mice.As a result, it was demonstrated that sodium lobarate has anti-diabeticeffects.

Moreover, in the present invention, a novel compound represented by thefollowing Formula 4 was separated from an extract of Stereocaulonalpinum, and was named “Lobarin”.

Preferably, the Lobarin represented by the above Formula 4 may beprepared by a method comprising the following steps of:

-   -   (a) extracting Stereocaulon alpinum with methanol;    -   (b) eluting the Stereocaulon alpinum extract, obtained in step        (a), with an aqueous solution of methanol or acetonitrile        (CH₃CN) by column chromatography;    -   (c) eluting a fraction, eluted in step (b), with an aqueous        solution of acetonitrile (CH₃CN) or methanol by reverse-phase        high-performance liquid chromatography to obtain a lobaric        acid-containing fraction; and    -   (d) dissolving the lobaric acid-containing fraction in a        solvent, adding a base thereto, stirring the mixture to react,        adding an acidic solution to the mixture to stop the reaction,        and then collecting the compound of the above Formula 4 from the        mixture.

Herein, the acidic solution that is used in step (d) may be any acidicsolution which can neutralize an aqueous solution. Preferably, in step(d), the solvent may be acetone, the base may be NaOH or KOH, and theacidic solution may be a HCl solution, a H₂SO₄ solution or a HNO₃solution. In step (d), the compound may be collected by concentratingthe acidic solution-containing mixture, partitioning the concentratebetween methylene chloride, chloroform or ethylene chloride or anaqueous solution to obtain a methylene chloride, chloroform or ethylenechloride layer, and concentrating the obtained layer.

In one embodiment of the present invention, Lobarin can be obtained bydissolving lobaric acid in acetone, adding NaOH thereto, stirring themixture to react, adding a HCl solution to the reaction mixture to stopthe reaction, concentrating the reaction mixture, partitioning theconcentrate between methylene chloride and an aqueous solution (pH=2),and collecting the methylene chloride layer, thereby Lobarin of thefollowing Formula 4.

In addition, derivatives of Lobarin of Formula 4, obtained by modifyingsome of the alkyl groups, will also fall within the scope of the presentinvention. In this aspect, the present invention is directed to acompound represented by the following Formula 3:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consistingof H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an allyl group, an arylalkyl group,and an acyl group.

The alkyl, aryl, allyl, arylalkyl and acyl groups may, for example,contain 1-20 carbon atoms or 1-10 carbon atoms, wherein examples of thealkyl group include substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and cycloalkylgroups.

It will be obvious to those skilled in the art to obtain a compound ofFormula 3 from Lobarin of Formula 4 by a chemical synthesis ormodification method known in the art. For example, Lobarin of Formula 4can be modified to provide compounds of Formula 3 wherein R₁ and R₂ havevarious carbon atoms and structures. For example, Lobarin of Formula 4can be reacted with sodium pentanoate to provide a compound of Formula 3wherein R₁ and R₂ are propyl chains. In addition, Lobarin of Formula 4can be reacted with sodium butyrate, sodium propionate, sodium hexanoateor the like, which has a carbon atom different from that that of sodiumpentanoate, thereby synthesizing various derivatives.

In the present invention, it was found that Lobarin, a novel derivativeof the lobaric acid separated from an extract of Stereocaulon alpinum,has excellent PTP-1b inhibitory activity, and thus is effective inpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity. Thus, in another aspect, thepresent invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, which comprises Lobarin ofFormula 4 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an activeingredient. Moreover, the present invention may provide a functionalfood comprising Lobarin as an active ingredient. Thus, in anotheraspect, the present invention is directed to a functional food forpreventing or alleviating diabetes or obesity, which comprises Lobarinas an active ingredient.

Moreover, Lobarin of Formula 4, and the compound of Formula 3, obtainedby modifying some of alkyl groups, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, will exhibit the same or similar effects, and thus these canprovide pharmaceutical compositions or functional foods for preventingor treating diabetes or obesity.

In one Example of the present invention, the inhibitory activity ofLobarin against PTP-1b was measured. As a result, it was found that theIC₅₀ of Lobarin was 149 nM, suggesting that Lobarin has a very excellenteffect on the inhibition of PTP-1b. Thus, it was found that a novelcompound Lobarin is a compound capable of treating and preventingdiabetes or obesity.

In one Example of the present invention, the selectivity of Lobarin forprotein tyrosine phosphatases was examined. As a result, it was foundthat Lobarin acts selectively only on PTP-1b among protein tyrosinephosphatases, including TC-PTP (PTPN2), which is known to be mostsimilar to PTP-1b in terms of the amino acid sequence and the 3Dstructure, induces embryonic lethality, has enzymatic characteristicssimilar to PTP-1b, and has active sites (including a secondaryl-phosphate binding site) similar to those of TC-PTP. Such testresults suggest that Lobarin which is the compound according to thepresent invention is a PTP-1b inhibitor which can be used to treatdiabetes.

In other Examples of the present invention, the relationship of Lobarinwith insulin resistance was examined by administering Lobarin to thediabetic animal model db/db mice and measuring the change in the bloodglucose levels and blood insulin level of the mice. As a result, it wasdemonstrated that Lobarin has anti-diabetic effects.

Meanwhile, in the present invention, Lobarin of Formula 4 may be in theform of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Pharmaceutically acceptablesalts of Lobarin can be prepared by a conventional method in the art,and examples thereof include salts with inorganic salts with inorganicacids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromide, sulfuric acid, sodiumhydrogen sulfate, phosphoric acid or carbonic acid; salts with organicacids, such as formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid,citric acid, tartaric acid, gluconic acid, gentisic acid, fumaric acid,lactobionic acid, salicylic acid, or acetylsalicyclic acid (aspirin);salts with alkali metal ions, such as sodium or potassium ions; andsalts with ammonium.

In addition, a novel compound represented by the following Formula 6 wasseparated from the lobaric acid separated from an extract ofStereocaulon alpinum, and was named “Lobarstin”.

The novel compound Lobarstin represented by the above Formula 6 may beprepared by a method comprising the following steps of:

-   -   (a) extracting Stereocaulon alpinum with methanol;    -   (b) eluting the Stereocaulon alpinum extract, obtained in step        (a), with an aqueous solution of methanol or acetonitrile        (CH₃CN) by column chromatography;    -   (c) eluting a fraction, eluted in step (b), with an aqueous        solution of acetonitrile (CH₃CN) or methanol by reverse-phase        high-performance liquid chromatography to obtain a lobaric        acid-containing fraction; and    -   (d) dissolving the lobaric acid-containing fraction in a        solvent, adding water and a base added thereto, stirring the        mixture to react, adding an acidic solution to the reaction        mixture to stop the reaction, and then collecting the compound        of the above Formula 6 from the reaction solution.

Herein, the acidic solution that is used in step (d) may be any acidicsolution which can neutralize an aqueous solution. Preferably, in step(d), the solvent may be acetone, the base may be NaOH or KOH, and theacidic solution may be a HCl solution, a H₂SO₄ solution or a HNO₃solution. In step (d), the compound may be collected by concentratingthe acidic solution-containing mixture, partitioning the concentratebetween methylene chloride, chloroform or ethylene chloride or anaqueous solution to obtain a methylene chloride, chloroform or ethylenechloride layer, and concentrating the obtained layer.

In one embodiment of the present invention, Lobarstin can be obtained bydissolving lobaric acid in acetone, adding NaOH thereto, stirring themixture to react, adding a HCl solution to the reaction mixture to stopthe reaction, concentrating the reaction mixture, partitioning theconcentrate between methylene chloride and an aqueous solution (pH=2),and collecting the methylene chloride layer, thereby Lobarin of thefollowing Formula 6.

Moreover, derivatives of Lobarstin of Formula 6, obtained by modifyingsome of the alkyl groups, will also fall with the scope of the presentinvention. In this aspect, the present invention is directed to acompound of the following Formula 5:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consistingof H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an allyl group, an arylalkyl group,and an acyl group.

The alkyl, aryl, allyl, arylalkyl and acyl groups may, for example,contain 1-20 carbon atoms or 1-10 carbon atoms, wherein examples of thealkyl group include substituted or unsubstituted alkyl and cycloalkylgroups.

It will be obvious to those skilled in the art to obtain the compound ofFormula 5 from Lobarstin of Formula 6 by a chemical synthesis ormodification method known in the art. For example, the compound ofFormula 5 can be modified to provide compounds of Formula 5 wherein R₁and R₂ have various carbon atoms and structures. For example, Lobarstinof Formula 6 can be reacted with sodium pentanoate to provide a compoundof Formula 5 wherein R₁ and R₂ are propyl chains. In addition, Lobarstinof Formula 6 can be reacted with sodium butyrate, sodium propionate,sodium hexanoate or the like, which has a carbon atom different fromthat that of sodium pentanoate, thereby synthesizing variousderivatives.

In the present invention, it was found that Lobarstin, a novelderivative of the lobaric acid separated from an extract of Stereocaulonalpinum, has excellent PTP-1b inhibitory activity, and thus is effectivein preventing or treating diabetes or obesity. Thus, in another aspect,the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, which comprises Lobarstin ofFormula 6 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an activeingredient. Moreover, the present invention may provide a functionalfood comprising Lobarstin as an active ingredient. Thus, in anotheraspect, the present invention is directed to a functional food forpreventing or alleviating diabetes or obesity, which comprises Lobarstinas an active ingredient.

Moreover, Lobarstin of Formula 6, and the compound of Formula 5,obtained by modifying some of alkyl groups, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, will exhibit the same or similar effects, andthus these can provide pharmaceutical compositions or functional foodsfor preventing or treating diabetes or obesity.

In one Example of the present invention, the inhibitory activity ofLobarstin against PTP-1b was measured. As a result, it was found thatthe IC₅₀ of Lobarin was 154.6 nM, suggesting that Lobarstin has a veryexcellent effect on the inhibition of PTP-1b. Thus, it was found that anovel compound Lobarstin is a compound capable of treating andpreventing diabetes or obesity.

In one Example of the present invention, the selectivity of Lobarin forprotein tyrosine phosphatases was examined. As a result, it was foundthat Lobarin acts selectively only on PTP-1b among protein tyrosinephosphatases, including TC-PTP (PTPN2), which is known to be mostsimilar to PTP-1b in terms of the amino acid sequence and the 3Dstructure, induces embryonic lethality, has enzymatic characteristicssimilar to PTP-1b, and has active sites (including a secondaryl-phosphate binding site) similar to those of TC-PTP. Such testresults suggest that Lobarin which is the compound according to thepresent invention is a PTP-1b inhibitor which can be used to treatdiabetes.

In other Examples of the present invention, the relationship ofLobarstin with insulin resistance was examined by administeringLobarstin to the diabetic animal model db/db mice and measuring thechange in the blood glucose levels and blood insulin level of the mice.As a result, it was demonstrated that Lobarstin has anti-diabeticeffects.

Meanwhile, in the present invention, Lobarstin of Formula 6 may be inthe form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of Lobarin can be prepared by a conventional method inthe art, and examples thereof include salts with inorganic salts withinorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromide, sulfuric acid,sodium hydrogen sulfate, phosphoric acid or carbonic acid; salts withorganic acids, such as formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, benzoicacid, citric acid, tartaric acid, gluconic acid, gentisic acid, fumaricacid, lactobionic acid, salicylic acid, or acetylsalicyclic acid(aspirin); salts with alkali metal ions, such as sodium or potassiumions; and salts with ammonium.

The pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to thepresent invention can be formulated according to a conventional method.For example, it may be formulated in the form of powders, granules,tablets, capsules, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, aerosols, agents forOral administration, external applications, suppositories, and sterileinjection solutions. Carriers, excipients and diluents that can becontained in the composition comprising the compound according to thepresent invention include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol,mannitol, xylitol, erythritol, maltitol, starch, gum acacia, alginate,gelatin, calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, cellulose, methylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water,methylhydroxybenzoate, propylhydroxybenzoate, talc, magnesium stearate,and mineral oil.

A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound according to thepresent invention is formulated using diluents or excipients, such asfillers, extenders, binders, wetting agents, disintegrants orsurfactants, which are commonly used. Solid Formulations for oraladministration include tablets, pills, powders, granules, capsules, etc.Such Formulations are prepared by mixing the compound of presentinvention with at least one excipient, such as starch, calciumcarbonate, sucrose, lactose, gelatin, etc. In addition to simpleexpedients, lubricants such as magnesium stearate, talc, etc. may alsobe added. Liquid Formulations for oral administration, such assuspensions, internal solutions, emulsions, syrups, etc., may comprisesimple diluents, e.g., water and liquid paraffin, as well as variousexcipients, e.g., wetting agents s, sweeteners, aromatics,preservatives, etc. Formulations for parenteral administration includesterilized aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solvents, suspensions,emulsions, lyophilized agents, suppositories, etc. Non-aqueous solventsand suspensions may be prepared using propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, vegetable oils such as olive oil, or injectable esters such asethyloleate. As a base for suppositories, Witepsol, Macrogol, Tween 61,cacao fat, laurin fat, glycerogelatin, etc. may be used.

Examples of the functional food of the present invention include variousfoods, candies, chocolates, beverages, gums, teas, vitamin complexes,health supplement foods, and the like, and the functional food can beused in the form of powders, granules, tablets, capsules or beverages.

The compound of the present invention may be added to foods or beveragesfor prevention of diabetes and obesity. With respect to the content ofthe compound in food or a beverage, the compound of the presentinvention may generally be added in an amount of 0.01-50 wt %, andpreferably 0.1-20 wt %, based on the total weight of the healthfunctional food of the present invention, and the compound of thepresent invention may be added in an amount of 0.02-10 g, and preferably0.3-1 g, based on 100 ml of the health beverage composition of thepresent invention.

Providing that the health beverage composition of the present inventioncomprises the compound of the present invention as an essentialingredient, there is no particular limitation in other liquid componentsof the beverage composition, and the composition may further compriseone or more additives, such as various flavors or natural carbohydrateswhich are commonly used in beverages. Examples of natural carbohydratesfor such purposes include common sugars such as monosaccharides, forexample, glucose, fructose and the like; disaccharides, for example,maltose, sucrose and the like; and polysaccharides, for example,dextrine, cyclodextrine and the like, and sugar alcohols such asxylitol, sorbitol, erythritol and the like. In addition to theforegoing, as the flavors, natural flavors (thaumatin, stevia extract(for example, Rebaudioside A, glycyrrhizin and the like), and syntheticflavors (saccharine, aspartame and the like) may be advantageously used.The content of the natural carbohydrate in the composition of thepresent invention is about 1-20 g, and preferably about 5-12 g, based on100 ml of the composition. In addition, the composition of the presentinvention may further contain various nutrients, vitamins, minerals(electrolytes), seasonings (artificial seasonings and naturalseasonings), coloring agents and improving agents (cheese, chocolate andthe like), pectic acid and salts thereof, alginic acid and saltsthereof, organic acids, protective colloid thickeners, pH controllers,stabilizers, preservatives, glycerin, alcohols, carbonating agents usedin carbonated beverages, and the like. In addition, the composition ofthe present invention may further contain fruit fresh for preparation ofnatural fruit juice beverages, fruit juice beverages and vegetablebeverages. These additives may be used independently or in combination.Although the content of these additives in the composition of thepresent invention is not particularly important to the presentinvention, it is generally selected within the range of 0-20 parts byweight based on 100 parts by weight of the composition of the presentinvention.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method forpreventing or treating diabetes or obesity, comprising a step ofadministering a compound of Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, which is a novelcompound synthesized from a compound extracted from an extract ofStereocaulon alpinum.

The preferred dosage of the novel compound of Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6according to the present invention can vary depending on variousfactors, including the patient's condition and weight, the severity ofdisease, dosage form, the route of administration and the time ofadministration, and can be suitably determined by a person skilled inthe art. In order to achieve the desired effects, however, the compoundof the present invention may be administered at a daily dose of from 0.1to 1,000 μg/kg, and preferably 1-100 μg/kg. The compound may beadministered in a single dose per day or in multiple doses per day. Thedosage is not intended to limit the present invention in any way.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to the use of acompound of Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, which is a novel compoundsynthesized from a compound extracted from an extract of Stereocaulonalpinum, for prevention or treatment of diabetes or obesity.

In the present invention, sodium lobarate, Lobarin and Lobarstin,synthesized from the compound separated from an extract of Stereocaulonalpinum according to the present invention, show excellent PTP-1binhibitory activities. Thus, the present invention is directed tomethods of inhibiting the activity of PTP-1b using sodium lobarate,Lobarin and Lobarstin. Specifically, the present invention is directedto a method for inhibiting the activity of PTP-1b, comprising a step ofadministering, to a subject, a compound of Formula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6,which is a novel compound synthesized from a compound extracted from anextract of Stereocaulon alpinum.

The present invention is also directed to a composition for inhibitingthe activity of PTP-1b, the composition comprising the compound ofFormula 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, which is a novel compound synthesized from acompound extracted from an extract of Stereocaulon alpinum.

EXAMPLES

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in further detailwith reference to examples. It will be obvious to a person havingordinary skill in the art that these examples are illustrative purposesonly and are not to be construed to limit the scope of the presentinvention.

Example 1 Preparation of Lobaric Acid from the Extract of AntarcticLichen Stereocaulon alpinum

1-1: Preparation of an Extract of Antarctic Lichen Stereocaulon alpinum

The Antarctic lichen Stereocaulon alpinum (Stereocaulon alpinum (Hedw.)G.L. Sm.) used in the present invention was collected from the areaaround the King Sejong Station (S 62° 13.3′, W58° 47.0′) located onBarton Peninsula on King George Island, Antarctica, in January 2003.

50 g of dried Stereocaulon alpinum was extracted twice with 1 L ofmethanol for 24 hours to obtain 3.6 g of a methanol extract. Theobtained extract was loaded onto flash column chromatography (5×25 cm)packed with silica gel (C₁₈) and was subjected to concentration gradientof 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% (v/v) methanol(MeOH) stepwise, and each methanol fraction was collected.

1-2: Preparation of Lobaric Acid from the Extract of Antarctic LichenStereocaulon alpinum

204.6 mg of the fraction, obtained by elution with 80% methanol inExample 1-1, was loaded onto flash column chromatography (2.5×30 cm)packed with silica gel (C₁₈), and 200 Mt of each solution of 1%, 2%, 3%,4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% and 10% and 100% (v/v) methanol in CH₂Cl₂ wasinjected into the column in order to obtain 8 main fractions shown inTLC analysis, and each fraction was collected.

59 mg of the fraction eluted with 9% methanol was loaded ontosemi-preparative reverse-phase HPLC, and then eluted for 30 minutes ormore by a concentration gradient of 75-83% using an aqueous acetonitrile(CH₃CN) solution containing 0.1% formic acid, thereby separating alobaric acid of the following Formula 7 from the fraction (22.9 mg;t_(R)=39 min).

Example 2 Synthesis of Sodium Lobarate

2-1: Preparation of Sodium Lobarate from Lobaric Acid

10 mg (22 umol) of the lobaric acid obtained in Example 1-2 wasdissolved in 3 ml of acetone, and 50 ul of 1M NaHCO₃ was added thereto,followed by stiffing for 1-2 minutes. The solid precipitated on addingthe NaHCO₃ was filtered out, immediately after which it was completelyconcentrated by a rotary evaporator. After completion of theconcentration, sodium lobarate (<10 mg) could be obtained as a whitesolid. Then, in order to remove excess salt from the product to increasethe purity, the product was analyzed by reverse phase HPLC using AgilentEclipse XDB-C18 column (4.6×150 mm, USA). The solvent system used in theanalysis was composed of line A and line B which supplied 0.1% formicacid-containing water and 0.1% formic acid-containing acetonitrile,respectively. The elution conditions were as follows: 40% to 50%acetonitrile for 5 min; 50% to 80% acetonitrile for 15 min; and 80% to90% acetonitrile for 10 min. The final purity was 92.1% (see FIG. 1).The obtained sodium lobarate was dissolved in water, suggesting that itis water-soluble.

2-2: Structural Analysis of Sodium Lobarate

The structure of sodium lobarate was confirmed by comparing the NMR datathereof with the NMR data of lobaric acid. The NMR data of bothcompounds were measured using JEOL ECP-400 spectrometer (JEOL, Japan)after dissolving each sample in DMSO-d₆ solvent, and the chemical shiftvalues (6C/6H=40.0/2.50 ppm) of the solvent DMSO-d₆ were used asreference points. For HMQC (1H-detected heteronuclear multiple-quantumcoherence) analysis, 1JCH was set at 140 Hz, and for HMBC (heteronuclearmultiple-bond coherence) analysis, nJCH was set at 8 Hz.

The NMR data of lobaric acid and sodium lobarate are shown in Table 4below.

TABLE 4 The NMR data of lobaric acid and sodium lobarate positionLobaric acid (1) Sodium lobarate (2)  1 δ_(C) δ_(H), mult.(Jin Hz) δ_(C)δ_(H), mult.(Jin Hz)  2 112.0 — 112.1 —  3 163.2 — 163.7 —  4 106.66.99, d(2.2) 106.5 6.90, d(2.2)  5 111.5 7.11, d(2.2) 111.6 7.05, d(2.2) 6 141.1 — 139.4 —  7 162.5 — 163.1 —  8 203.6 — 203.7 —  9 41.5 2.86,t(7.3) 41.6, 2.83, t(7.0) 10 25.9  1.48-1.57, m 25.9 1.48-1.59, m 1122.4 1.28-1.36 m 22.7 1.25-1.37, m 12 14.3 0.89, t(6.9) 14.3 0.882,t(6.9)  l’ 120.9 — 116.1 —  2’ 153.1 — 163.7 —  3’ 106.3 6.70, s 105.96.42, s  4’ 149.0 — 148.9 —  5’ 144.7 — 145.4 —  6’ 134.4 — 139.3 —  7’168.6 — 170.1 —  8’ 27.7 2.79, m 26.7 3.38, m  9’ 30.8 1.47-1.54, m 31.51.39-1.46, m 10’ 31.7 1.34-1.43, m 32.4 1.39-1.46, m 11’ 21.9 1.28-1.36,m 22.0 1.25-1.37, m 12’ 14.3 0.88. t(6.9) 14.5 0.878, t(6.9) 4-OCH₃ 57.03.90, s 56.9 3.89, s

As can be seen in Table 4 above, the change in chemical shift valueresulting from the change of a functional group at C-7′ from carboxylicacid to carboxylate anion, and the change in chemical shift values ofthe surrounding carbon atoms were observed. This shift is evidentlyuseful for the structure identification of compound 2 (sodium lobarate).FIGS. 2 to 5 show the ¹H NMR spectrum, (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆), ¹³C NMRspectrum (100 MHz, DMSO-d₆), HMQC data (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) and HMBC data(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) of sodium lobarate, respectively.

Example 3 Analysis of PTP-1b Inhibitory Activity of Sodium Lobarate

In order to analyze the PTP-1b (protein tyrosine phosphatase-1b)inhibitory activity of sodium lobarate, the activity of the enzyme wasspectroscopically measured.

Specifically, to 0.5 mg/Ml of PTP-1b (Bioneer, Korea) in PTP-1b buffer(20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0.75 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, 5 mMβ-mercaptoethanol, 50% glycerol), 0, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1,000 and3,000 nM of sodium lobarate and the substrate [pTyr1146] insulinreceptor (1142-1153, Sigma, USA) were added. Each mixture was allowed toreact at room temperature for 10-30 minutes, and malachitegreen-molybdate dye solution was added thereto and reacted at roomtemperature for 10 minutes. After completion between PTP-1b, sodiumlobarate and the substrate, the absorbance at 620 nm was measured.

As a result, as can be seen in FIG. 6, when the inhibitory activity ofsodium lobarate against PTP-1b was analyzed, sodium lobarate showed anIC₅₀ of 350 nM, suggesting that it has excellent PTP-1b inhibitoryeffect. In addition, the inhibition (%) of PTP-1b increased asincreasing the concentration of sodium lobarate.

Meanwhile, the PTP-1b inhibitory activity of lobaric acid as a controlwas measured. PTP-1b used in the test was purchased from BIOMOL (USA).In order to spectroscopically measure the activity of the enzyme, about0.2 μg/Ml of PTP-1b, PTP-1b buffer (50 mM citrate, pH 6.0, 0.1M NaCl, 1mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT), lobaric acid, 4 mM pNPP were mixed, shaken lightly,and then reacted at 37° C. for 30 minutes, after which the absorbance at405 nm was measured. As a result, it was found that lobaric acid showedan IC₅₀ of 0.87 μM (870 nM).

Thus, it was confirmed that sodium lobarate according to the presentinvention has excellent PTP-1b inhibitory effects compared to lobaricacid and that this sodium lobarate is a pharmaceutical compound capableof preventing or treating diabetes and obesity.

Example 4 Analysis of Selectivity of Sodium Lobarate for ProteinTyrosine Phosphatases

In order to examine the selectivity of sodium lobarate for proteintyrosine phosphatases, the inhibitory activities of sodium lobarateagainst PTP-1b, PTPN2, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7 and PTPN13 were examined byspectroscopically measuring the activities of the enzymes.

Specifically, to 0.5 mg/Ml of PTP-1b, PTPN2, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7 orPTPN13 (Bioneer, Korea) in protein tyrosine phosphatase buffer (20 mMTris-Hcl, pH 8.0, 0.75 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 50%glycerol), 0, 50, 100 or 200 nM sodium lobarate and the substrate[pTyr1146] insulin receptor (1142-1153, Sigma, USA) were added. Then,each of the mixtures was allowed to react at room temperature for 10-30minutes, and then malachite green-molybdate dye solution (Sigma, USA)was added thereto and reacted at room temperature for 10 minutes. Aftercompletion of the reaction with the substrate, the absorbance at 620 nmwas measured.

The selectivity of sodium lobarate for protein tyrosine phosphatases wasexamined as described above. As a result, as can be seen in FIG. 7,sodium lobarate showed an inhibition rate of 50.0% against PTP-1b at aconcentration of 200 uM (IC₅₀), whereas it showed an inhibition rate of83.7% against TC-PTP (PTPN2), protein tyrosine phosphatases, known to bemost similar to PTP-1b.

It is known that the protein tyrosine phosphatases, TC-PTP (PTPN2) ismost similar to PTP-1b in terms of the amino acid sequence and the 3Dstructure, induces embryonic lethality, has enzymatic characteristicsand active site (containing the second aryl-phosphate binding sitesimilar to those of PTP-1b. Although 757 compounds targeting PTP-1b wereregistered, the PTP-1b targeting compound that entered the clinicalphase has not been reported, and plant extracts that target variousenzymes, including PTP-1b, are only being marketed or in the clinicaltrial phase.

Accordingly, the above test results indicate that the compound sodiumlobarate according to the present invention acts selectively only onPTP-1b among protein tyrosine phosphatases and that sodium lobarate is aPTP-1b inhibitor which can be used to treat diabetes.

Example 5 Verification of Effects of Sodium Lobarate on Disease ModelAnimals

5-1: Observation of Change in Blood Glucose Level after IntraperitonealAdministration of Sodium Lobarate

Based on pre-tests, effectiveness tests and toxicity tests for sodiumlobarate, dose (expressed as test compound amount (mg)/test animal'sweight (kg)) was determined. To 7-week-old male db/db mice (type 2diabetic model animals, C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the Korea Research Instituteof Bioscience and Biotechnology), 200 μl of PBS for a control group and10 mg/kg of sodium lobarate (PTP-1b activity inhibitory compound) for atest group was administered, respectively, intraperitoneally daily, andthe blood glucose levels of the animals were measured twice a week.

Specifically, sodium lobarate (PTP-1b activity inhibitory compound) wasadministered by intraperitoneal injection to 7-week-old male db/db mice(type 2 diabetic model animals, C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the Korea ResearchInstitute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), and the change in the bloodglucose level of the animals was measured. As a result, it was foundthat the average blood glucose level was 267 mg/dL at day 0, 276 mg/dLat day 3, 378 mg/dL at day 7, 378 mg/dL at day 10, 407 mg/dL at day 14,415 mg/dL at day 17, and 459 mg/dL at day 21 in the test group (n=6)administered with 10 mg/kg, as can be seen in FIG. 8, and that theincrease in the blood glucose level was less than that in the controlgroup.

5-2: Observation of Change in Blood Glucose Level Following 6 Hours ofFasting after Intraperitoneal Administration of Sodium Lobarate

In order to more accurately measure the anti-diabetic effect of sodiumlobarate, 200 μl of PBS for a control group and 10 mg/kg of sodiumlobarate (PTP-1b activity inhibitory compound) for a test group wasadministered, respectively, intraperitoneally daily to 7-week-old maledb/db mice (type 2 diabetic model animals, C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the KoreaResearch Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), and the bloodglucose levels of the animals were measured twice a week. Herein,measurement of the blood glucose level was performed after 6 hours offasting after intraperitoneal injection of sodium lobarate.

As a result, it was found that the average blood glucose level was 141mg/dL at day 0, 142 mg/dL at day 3, 185 mg/dL at day 7, 206 mg/dL at day10, 232 mg/dL at day 14, 236 mg/dL at day 17, and 313 mg/dL at day 21 inthe test group (n=6) injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of sodiumlobarate, as can be seen in FIG. 9 and that the increase in the bloodglucose level was less than that in the control group, as Example 5-1.

5-3: Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (IPGTT) 28 Days afterIntraperitoneal Administration of Sodium Lobarate

An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in the animal model ofsodium lobarate was performed in the following manner.

To 7-week-old male db/db mice (type 2 diabetic model animals,C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience andBiotechnology), physiological saline for a control group and 10 mg/kg ofsodium lobarate for a test group was injected, respectively,intraperitoneally every day for 28 days. Then, the animals were fastedfor 16 hours without administering physiological saline or sodiumlobarate, after which glucose (500 mg/Ml; injection volume of 200 μl)was injected intraperitoneally into the animals. 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and120 min after injection of glucose, blood was sampled from the tailvein, and the changes in the blood glucose levels of the samples weremeasured.

As described above, the changes in glucose tolerance resulting fromintraperitoneal injection of glucose into the type 2 diabetic modelanimals were measured. As a result, it was found that the blood glucoselevel after injection of glucose was 341 mg/dL at 0 min, 579 mg/dL at 15min, 557 mg/dL at 30 min, 589 mg/dL at 60 min, 600 mg/dL at 90 min, and555 mg/dL at 120 min and that the increase in the blood glucose levelwas very rapid and the decrease in the blood glucose level was very slowin the control group (injected with physiological saline), as can beseen in FIG. 10. On the other hand, in the test group administeredintraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of sodium lobarate for 28 days, theblood glucose level after injection of glucose was 153 mg/dL at 0 min,291 mg/dL at 15 min, 361 mg/dL at 30 min, 385 mg/dL at 60 min, 335 mg/dLat 90 min, and 290 mg/dL at 120 min, and thus a low increase and a fastdecrease in the blood glucose level were observed, suggesting that theblood glucose level was returned to normal.

The results of Examples 5-1 to 5-3 indicate that sodium lobarateaccording to the present invention has a very excellent anti-diabeticeffect.

Example 6 Preparation of Novel Compound Lobarin from Lobaric Acid

50 mg of the lobaric acid obtained in Example 1-2 was dissolved in 5 mLof acetone, and 1 ml of 0.5 N NaOH was added thereto. The mixture wasstirred to react at room temperature for 5 minutes, and 0.5 mL of 1N HClsolution was added to the mixture to stop the reaction. The reactionmixture was concentrated and partitioned between methylene chloride andan aqueous solution (pH=2), and the methylene chloride layer wascollected and concentrated, thereby obtaining 50 mg of a novel compoundof the following Formula 4. The obtained compound was named “Lobarin.”

Meanwhile, in order to increase the purity of the obtained compound, thecompound was analyzed by reverse phase HPLC using Agilent EclipseXDB-C18 column (4.6×150 mm, USA). The solvent system used in theanalysis was composed of line A and line B which supplied 0.1% formicacid-containing water and 0.1% formic acid-containing acetonitrile,respectively. The elution conditions were as follows: 40% to 50%acetonitrile for 5 min; 50% to 80% acetonitrile for 15 min; and 80% to90% acetonitrile for 10 min. The final purity was 96.1% (see FIG. 11).

Example 7 Structural Analysis of Novel Compound Lobarin

The molecular structure of Lobarin synthesized in Example 6 was analyzedby high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS)and NMR spectrometry.

The analysis of anions by HRESIMS was carried out using Q-TOF microLC-MS/MS instrument (Waters, USA). As can be seen in FIG. 12, Lobarinshowed a molecular ion peak of m/z 473.1774, suggesting that Lobarin hasa molecular formula of C₂₅H₃₀O₉.

The NMR spectra of Lobarin were measured using JEOL ECP-400 spectrometer(JEOL, Japan) after dissolving Lobarin in DMSO-d₆ solvent, and thechemical shift values (δ C/δ H=40.0/2.50 ppm) of the solvent DMSO-d₆were used as reference points. For HMQC (1H-detected heteronuclearmultiple-quantum coherence) measurement, 1JCH was set at 140 Hz, and forHMBC (heteronuclear multiple-bond coherence) measurement, nJCH was setat 8 Hz. The mass spectroscopic analysis of Lobarin was performed usingQ-TOF micro LC-MS/MS.

As can be seen in the ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra in FIGS. 13 and 14,respectively, the ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra of Lobarin showed patternsvery similar to those of lobaric acid. Thus, Lobarin can be supposed tobe a compound produced by hydrolysis of lobaric acid considering thefact that the structure of Lobarin was very similar to that of lobaricacid and the difference in molecular weight therebetween was 18 Da. Whenthe NMR data of Lobarin were compared with the NMR data of lobaric acid,the ¹³C peak corresponding to a ketone functional group, observed in the¹³C NMR spectrum of lobaric acid, disappeared. Instead, the ¹³C peak wasobserved at 106.3 ppm in the ¹³C NMR spectrum of Lobarin, and a peak(7.65 ppm) corresponding to the proton of an OH functional group wasobserved in the ¹H NMR spectrum of Lobarin. Based on these differencesin the NMR data, it is believed that the ketone functional group inlobaric acid as shown in Formula 7 was changed into an oxygen anion bynucleophilic attack of a hydroxyl group, and sequencially adjacent estergroups were degraded by nucleophilic addition, and as a result, thestructure of Lobarin was produced. The predicted structure of Lobarinwas confirmed by HMQC analysis and HMBC analysis, which aretwo-dimensional NMR spectrometry methods (see Table 5).

The positions corresponding to every carbon and hydrogen of Lobarin wereidentified by analysis of the HMQC data (see FIG. 15) and the HMBC data(see FIG. 16), and such data were similar to the NMR data of lobaricacid. In addition, the HMBC correlations from the peak (7.65 ppm)corresponding to the proton of the OH functional group to the ¹³C NMRpeaks corresponding to the C-6, C-7 and C-8 positions provided importantinformation to identify the suggested structure of Lobarin.

TABLE 5 NMR data for Lobarin (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) Position δ_(C) δ_(H),mult.(J in Hz) HMBC^(a)  1 107.1 — —  2 158.0 — —  3 101.7 5.91, d(1.8)1, 2, 4, 5  4 166.8 — —  5 99.8 6.75, d(1.8) 3, 1, 4, 5  6 155.0 — —  7165.6 — —  8 106.3 — —  9 38.7 1.97, m 8 2.07, m 10 25.7 1.14, m — 1.25,m 11 22.5 1.12, m — 1.38, m 12 14.3 0.82, br t 10.11  1’ 109.4 — —  2’153.3 — —  3’ 102.2 6.32, s 1’, 5’, 2’, 4’, 7’  4’ 160.7 — —  5’ 131.8 ——  6’ 138.5 — —  7’ 172.0 — —  8’ 27.7 2,78, m —  9’ 30.2 1.14, m —2.24, m 10’ 32.2 1.11, m — 1.29, m 11’ 22.1 1.23, m — 1.27, m 12’ 14.40.72, br s — 4-OCH₃ 56.7 3.74, s 4 8-OH — 7.66, s 9, 8, 6 ^(a)HMBCcorrelations, optimized for 8 Hz, are from proton(s) stated to theindicated carbon(s).

Example 8 Analysis of PTP-1b Inhibitory Activity of Lobarin

The activity of the enzyme was spectroscopically measured to analyze theprotein PTP-1b inhibitory activity of Lobarin.

Specifically, to 0.5 mg/Ml of PTP-1b (Bioneer, Korea) in PTP-1b buffer(20 mM Tris-HCL, pH 8.0, 0.75 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, 5 mMβ-mercaptoethanol, 50% glycerol), 0, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 or3000 nM Lobarin and the substrate [pTyr1146] insulin receptor(1142-1153, Sigma, USA) were added. Each of the mixtures was allowed toreact at room temperature for 10-30 minutes, and malachitegreen-molybdate dye solution was added thereto and reacted at roomtemperature for 10 minutes. After completion between PTP-1b, Lobarin andthe substrate, the absorbance at 620 nm was measured.

The inhibitory activity of Lobarin against PTP-1b was analyzed asdescribed above. As a result, Lobarin showed an IC₅₀ of 149 nM as can beseen in FIG. 17, suggesting that it has excellent PTP-1b inhibitoryeffect. In addition, the inhibition (%) of PTP-1b increased asincreasing the concentration of Lobarin. Thus, it was confirmed thatLobarin is a pharmaceutical compound capable of preventing or treatingdiabetes and obesity.

Example 9 Analysis of Selectivity of Lobarin for Protein TyrosinePhosphatases

In order to examine the selectivity of Lobarin for protein tyrosinephosphatases, the inhibitory activities of Lobarin against PTP-1b,PTPN2, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7 and PTPN13 were examined by spectroscopicallymeasuring the activities of the enzymes.

Specifically, to 0.5 mg/Ml of PTP-1b, PTPN2, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7 orPTPN13 (Bioneer, Korea) in protein tyrosine phosphatase buffer (20 mMTris-Hcl, pH 8.0, 0.75 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 50%glycerol), 0, 50, 100 or 200 nM Lobarin and the substrate [pTyr1146]insulin receptor (1142-1153, Sigma, USA) were added. Then, each of themixtures was allowed to react at room temperature for 10-30 minutes, andthen malachite green-molybdate dye solution (Sigma, USA) was addedthereto and reacted at room temperature for 10 minutes. After completionof the reaction with the substrate, the absorbance at 620 nm wasmeasured.

The selectivity of Lobarin for protein tyrosine phosphatases wasexamined as described above. As a result, Lobarin showed an inhibitionrate of 52.2% against PTP-1b at a concentration of 200 uM (IC₅₀), andparticularly, Lobarin had no inhibitory activity against other proteintyrosine phosphatases, including TC-PTP (PTPN2), as can be seen in FIG.18.

Accordingly, the above test results indicate that the compound Lobarinaccording to the present invention acts selectively only on PTP-1b amongprotein tyrosine phosphatases and that Lobarin is a PTP-1b inhibitorwhich can be used to treat diabetes.

Example 10 Verification of Effects of Lobarin on Disease Model Animals

10-1: Observation of Change in Blood Glucose Level after IntraperitonealAdministration of Lobarin

Based on pre-tests, effectiveness tests and toxicity tests for Lobarin,dose (expressed as test compound amount (mg)/test animal's weight (kg))was determined. To 7-week-old male db/db mice (type 2 diabetic modelanimals, C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the Korea Research Institute of Bioscienceand Biotechnology), 200 μl of PBS for a control group and 10 mg/kg ofLobarin for a test group was administered, respectively,intraperitoneally daily, and the blood glucose levels of the animalswere measured twice a week.

Specifically, Lobarin was administered by intraperitoneal injection to7-week-old male db/db mice (type 2 diabetic model animals,C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience andBiotechnology), and the change in blood glucose level of the animals wasmeasured. As a result, it was found that the average blood glucose levelwas 268 mg/dL at day 0, 381 mg/dL at day 3, 404 mg/dL at day 7, 432mg/dL at day 10, 454 mg/dL at day 14, 479 mg/dL at day 17, and 482 mg/dLat day 21 in the control group (n=6) indicating that the blood glucoselevel increased rapidly, and that, however, the average blood glucoselevel was 267 mg/dL at day 0, 278 mg/dL at day 3, 298 mg/dL at day 7,315 mg/dL at day 10, 352 mg/dL at day 14, 379 mg/dL at day 17, and 425mg/dL at day 21 in the test group (n=6) injected intraperitoneally with10 mg/kg of Lobarin, and the increase in the blood glucose level wasless than that in the control group as can be seen in FIG. 19.

10-2: Observation of Change in Blood Glucose Level Following 6 Hours ofFasting after Intraperitoneal Administration of Lobarin

In order to more accurately measure the anti-diabetic effect of Lobarin,200 μl of PBS for a control group and 10 mg/kg of Lobarin for a testgroup was administered, respectively, intraperitoneally daily to7-week-old male db/db mice (type 2 diabetic model animals,C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience andBiotechnology), and the blood glucose levels of the animals weremeasured twice a week. Herein, measurement of the blood glucose levelswas performed after 6 hours of fasting after intraperitoneal injectionof Lobarin.

As a result, as can be seen in FIG. 20, it was found that the averageblood glucose level was 151 mg/dL at day 0, 199 mg/dL at day 3, 262mg/dL at day 7, 291 mg/dL at day 10, 397 mg/dL at day 14, 455 mg/dL atday 17, and 483 mg/dL at day 21 in the control group (n=6), indicatingthat the blood glucose level increased rapidly, and that, however, theaverage blood glucose level was 152 mg/dL at day 0, 141 mg/dL at day 3,155 mg/dL at day 7, 198 mg/dL at day 10, 261 mg/dL at day 14, 287 mg/dLat day 17, and 340 mg/dL at day 21 in the test group (n=6) injectedintraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of Lobarin, and the increase in theblood glucose level was less than that in the control group, as Example10-1.

10-3: Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test 28 Days afterIntraperitoneal Administration of Lobarin

An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in the animal model ofLobarin was performed in the following manner.

To 7-week-old male db/db mice (type 2 diabetic model animals,C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience andBiotechnology), 20% DMSO for a control group and 10 mg/kg of Lobarin fora test group was injected, respectively, intraperitoneally every day for28 days. Then, the animals were fasted for 16 hours withoutadministering 20% DMSO or Lobarin for each group, after which glucose(500 mg/Ml; injection volume of 200 μl) was injected intraperitoneallyinto the animals. 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after injection ofglucose, blood was sampled from the tail vein, and the changes in theblood glucose levels of the samples were measured.

As described above, the changes in glucose tolerance resulting fromintraperitoneal injection of glucose into the type 2 diabetic modelanimals were measured. As a result, as can be seen in FIG. 21, the bloodglucose level after injection of glucose was 293 mg/dL at 0 min, 429mg/dL at 15 min, 557 mg/dL at 30 min, 553 mg/dL at 60 min, 539 mg/dL at90 min, and 568 mg/dL at 120 min in the control group (injectedintraperitoneally with 20% DMSO), and the increase in the blood glucoselevels was very rapid and the decrease in the blood glucose levels wasvery slow. On the other hand, the blood glucose level after injection ofglucose was 153 mg/dL at 0 min, 358 mg/dL at 15 min, 436 mg/dL at 30min, 390 mg/dL at 60 min, 335 mg/dL at 90 min, and 290 mg/dL at 120 minin the test group administered intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg ofLobarin which is a PTP-1b activity inhibitory compound, and thus a lowincrease and a fast decrease in the blood glucose level were observed,suggesting that the blood glucose level was returned to normal.

The results of Examples 10-1 to 10-3 indicate that the novel compoundLobarin according to the present invention has a very excellentanti-diabetic effect.

Example 11 Preparation of Novel Compound Lobarstin from Lobaric Acid

50 mg of the lobaric acid obtained in Example 1-2 was dissolved in 50 mLof acetone, and 50 mL of water was added thereto, followed by stiffing.0.25 ml of 2 N NaOH was added to the mixture, which was then stirred toreact at room temperature for 15 minutes, and 0.5 mL of 1N HCl solutionwas added to the mixture to stop the reaction. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated and partitioned between methylene chloride and an aqueoussolution (pH=2), and the methylene chloride layer was collected andconcentrated, thereby obtaining 50 mg of a novel compound of thefollowing Formula 6. The obtained compound was named “Lobarstin”.

Meanwhile, in order to increase the purity of the obtained compound, thecompound was analyzed by reverse phase HPLC using Agilent EclipseXDB-C18 column (4.6×150 mm, USA). The solvent system used in theanalysis was composed of line A and line B which supplied 0.1% formicacid-containing water and 0.1% formic acid-containing acetonitrile,respectively. The elution conditions were as follows: 40% to 50%acetonitrile for 5 min; 50% to 80% acetonitrile for 15 min; and 80% to90% acetonitrile for 10 min. The final purity was 96.1% (see FIG. 22).

Example 12 Structural Analysis of Novel Compound Lobarstin

The molecular structure of Lobarstin synthesized in Example 11 wasanalyzed by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry(HRESIMS) and NMR spectrometry. The analysis of anions by HRESIMS wascarried out using Q-TOF micro LC-MS/MS instrument (Waters, USA). As canbe seen in FIG. 23, Lobarstin showed a molecular ion peak of m/z455.1708, suggesting that Lorbastin has a molecular formula of C₂₅H₂₈O₈.

The NMR spectra of Lobarstin were measured using JEOL ECP-400spectrometer (JEOL, Japan) after dissolving Lobarstin in DMSO-d₆solvent, and the chemical shift values (δC/δH=40.0/2.50 ppm) of thesolvent DMSO-d₆ were used as reference points. For HMQC (1H-detectedheteronuclear multiple-quantum coherence) analysis, 1JCH was set at 140Hz, and for HMBC (heteronuclear multiple-bond coherence) analysis, nJCHwas set at 8 Hz.

As can be seen in the ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra in FIGS. 24 and 25,respectively, the ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR spectra of Lobarstin showedpatterns very similar to the NMR spectra of Lobarin of the followingFormula 4.

Thus, Lobarstin can be supposed to be a compound produced by removal ofa water molecule from Lobarin considering the fact that the structure ofLobarstin was very similar to that of Lobarin and the difference inmolecular weight therebetween was 18 Da. When the NMR data of Lobarstinwere compared with the NMR data of Lobarin, the absorption peak of thesp³ hybridized carbon (C-8 of Lobarin, 106.3 ppm), which was shifted tothe down-field region in the ¹³C NMR spectrum of Lobarstin, and theabsorption peak of aliphatic methylene carbon, disappeared in the ¹³CNMR spectrum of Lobarin. Instead, an absorption peak was observed in twodouble bond regions of the ¹³C NMR spectrum of Lobarstin. In addition,it is observed that an absorption peak at the down-field shifted regionof 6.00 ppm not present in the ¹H NMR spectrum of Lobarin, appears inthe ¹³C NMR spectrum of Lobarstin, and this peak is spin-spin coupledwith an aliphatic methylene group as can be seen in the COSY data (seeFIG. 26). Thus, it is believed that Lobarstin is a compound in which adouble bond was formed at C-8 and C-9 while a tertiary-alcohol group wasremoved from Lobarin by dehydration. The predicted structure ofLobarstin was confirmed by HMQC analysis and HMBC analysis, which aretwo-dimensional NMR spectrometry methods (see Table 6). The positionscorresponding to every carbon and hydrogen of Lobarstin were identifiedby analysis of the HMQC data (see FIG. 27) and the HMBC data (see FIG.28). Particularly, HMBC correlations observed from H-5, 9, 10 and 11 inthe structure of Lobarstin provided important information to identifythe suggested structure of Lobarstin. In addition, the geometricstructure of the double bond formed at C-8 and C-9 was a Z-form(cis-form), as determined based on the observation of NOE correlationbetween H-5 and H-9 (see FIG. 29).

TABLE 6 NMR data for Lobarstin (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) Position δ_(C) δ_(H),mult.(Jin Hz) HMBC^(a)  1 104.2 — —  2 157.4 — —  3 101.7 5.90, d(1.8)1, 2, 4, 5, 7  4 166.4 — —  5 96.7 7.19, d(1.8) 1, 2, 3, 4, 8  6 143.4 ——  7 163.2 — —  8 144.9 — —  9 109.3 6.00, t(7,7) 6, 8 10 27.3 2.36, m8, 9, 11, 12 11 21.9 1.52, m 9, 10, 12 12 3.63 0.96, t(7.0) 10.11  1’108.4 — —  2’ 158.2 — —  3’ 101.9 6.41, s 1’, 2’, 4’, 5’, 7’  4’ 153.2 ——  5’ 131.8 — —  6’ 137.3 — —  7’ 171.2 — —  8’ 27.5 2,70, m/2.52, m — 9’ 29.5 1.39, m/1.27, m — 10’ 31.4 1.12, m — 11’ 21.4 1.12, m — 12’13.56 0.69, t(7.0) 10’, 11’ 4-OCH₃ 56.3 3.79, s 4 4’-OH — 10.39, s 3’,4’, 5’ ^(a)HMBC correlations, optimized for 8 Hz, are from proton(s)stated to the indicated carbon(s).

Example 13 Analysis of PTP-1b Inhibitory Activity of Lobarstin

The activity of the enzyme was spectroscopically measured to analyze theprotein PTP-1b inhibitory activity of Lobarstin. Specifically, to 0.5mg/Ml of PTP-1b (Bioneer, Korea) in PTP-1b buffer (20 mM Tris-HCL, pH8.0, 0.75 mM NaCl, 0.5 mM EDTA, 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 50% glycerol),0, 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300, 1000 or 3000 nM Lobarstin and the substrate[pTyr1146] insulin receptor (1142-1153, Sigma, USA) were added. Each ofthe mixtures was allowed to react at room temperature for 10-30 minutes,and malachite green-molybdate dye solution (1142-1153, Sigma, USA) wasadded thereto and reacted at room temperature for 10 minutes. Aftercompletion between PTP-1b, Lobarstin and the substrate, the absorbanceat 620 nm was measured.

The inhibitory activity of Lobarstin against PTP-1b was analyzed asdescribed above. As a result, Lobarstin showed an IC₅₀ of 154.6 nM ascan be seen in FIG. 30, suggesting that it has excellent PTP-1binhibitory effect. In addition, the inhibition (%) of PTP-1b increasedas increasing the concentration of Lobarstin. Thus, it was confirmedthat Lobarstin is a pharmaceutical compound capable of preventing ortreating diabetes and obesity.

Example 14 Analysis of Selectivity of Lobarstin for Protein TyrosinePhosphatases

In order to examine the selectivity of Lobarstin for protein tyrosinephosphatases, the inhibitory activities of Lobarstin against PTP-1b,PTPN2, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7 and PTPN13 were examined by spectroscopicallymeasuring the activities of the enzymes. Specifically, to 0.5 mg/Ml ofPTP-1b, PTPN2, PTPN5, PTPN6, PTPN7 or PTPN13 (Bioneer, Korea) in proteintyrosine phosphatase buffer (20 mM Tris-Hcl, pH 8.0, 0.75 mM NaCl, 0.5mM EDTA, 5 mM β-mercaptoethanol, 50% glycerol), 0, 50, 100 or 200 nMLobarstin and the substrate [pTyr1146] insulin receptor (1142-1153,Sigma, USA) were added. Then, each of the mixtures was allowed to reactat room temperature for 10-30 minutes, and then malachitegreen-molybdate dye solution (Sigma, USA) was added thereto and reactedat room temperature for 10 minutes. After completion of the reactionwith the substrate, the absorbance at 620 nm was measured.

The selectivity of sodium borate for protein tyrosine phosphatases wasexamined as described above. As a result, Lobarstin showed an inhibitionrate of 47.96% against PTP-1b at a concentration of 200 uM (IC₅₀), andparticularly, Lobarstin had no inhibitory activity against other proteintyrosine phosphatases, including TC-PTP (PTPN2), as can be seen in FIG.31.

Accordingly, the above test results indicate that the compound Lobarstinaccording to the present invention acts selectively only on PTP-1b amongprotein tyrosine phosphatases and that Lobarstin is a PTP-1b inhibitorwhich can be used to treat diabetes.

Example 15 Verification of Effects of Lobastin on Disease Model Animals

15-1: Observation of Change in Blood Glucose Level after IntraperitonealAdministration of Lobarstin

Based on pre-tests, effectiveness tests and toxicity tests forLobarstin, dose (expressed as test compound amount (mg)/test animal'sweight (kg)) was determined. To 7-week-old male db/db mice (type 2diabetic model animals, C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the Korea Research Instituteof Bioscience and Biotechnology), 200 μl of PBS for a control group and10 mg/kg of Lobarstin for a test group was administered, respectively,intraperitoneally daily, and the blood glucose levels of the animalswere measured twice a week.

Specifically, Lobarstin was administered by intraperitoneal injection to7-week-old male db/db mice (type 2 diabetic model animals,C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience andBiotechnology), and the change in blood glucose level of the animals wasmeasured. As a result, it was found that the average blood glucose levelwas 271 mg/dL at day 0, 326 mg/dL at day 7, 479 mg/dL at day 14, and 486mg/dL at day 21 in the control group (n=6), indicating that the bloodglucose level increased rapidly, and that, however, the average bloodglucose level was 299 mg/dL at day 0, 259 mg/dL at day 7, 267 mg/dL atday 14, and 242 mg/dL at day 21 in the test group (n=6) injectedintraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of Lobarstin, and the increase in theblood glucose level was less than that in the control group as can beseen in FIG. 32.

15-2: Observation of Change in Blood Glucose Level Following 6 Hours ofFasting after Intraperitoneal Administration of Lobarstin

In order to more accurately measure the anti-diabetic effect ofLobarstin, 200 μl of PBS for a control group and 10 mg/kg of Lobarstinfor a test group was administered intraperitoneally daily to 7-week-oldmale db/db mice (type 2 diabetic model animals, C57/BLKS/J-db/db, theKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology), and the bloodglucose levels of the animals were measured twice a week. Herein,measurement of the blood glucose levels was performed after 6 hours offasting after intraperitoneal injection of Lobarstin.

As a result, as can be seen in FIG. 33, it was found that the averageblood glucose level was 134 mg/dL at day 0, 238 mg/dL at day 7, 350mg/dL at day 14, and 479 mg/dL at day 21 in the control group (n=6),indicating that the blood glucose level increased rapidly, and that,however, the average blood glucose level was 134 mg/dL at day 0, 182mg/dL at day 7, 162 mg/dL at day 14, and 204 mg/dL at day 21 in the testgroup (n=6) injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of Lobarstin, andthe increase in the blood glucose level was less than that in thecontrol group, as Example 15-1.

15-3: Intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test 28 Days afterIntraperitoneal Administration of Lobarstin

An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in the animal model ofLobarin was performed in the following manner.

To 7-week-old male db/db mice (type 2 diabetic model animals,C57/BLKS/J-db/db, the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience andBiotechnology), 20% DMSO for a control group and 10 mg/kg of Lobarstinfor a test group was injected, respectively, intraperitoneally every dayfor 28 days. Then, the animals were fasted for 16 hours withoutadministering physiological saline and Lobarstin, after which glucose(500 mg/Ml; injection volume of 200 μl) was injected intraperitoneallyinto the animals. 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after injection ofglucose, blood was sampled from the tail vein, and the changes in theblood glucose levels of the samples were measured.

As described above, the changes in glucose tolerance resulting fromintraperitoneal injection of glucose into the type 2 diabetic modelanimals were measured. As a result, as can be seen in FIG. 34, in thecontrol group (injected intraperitoneally with 20% DMSO), the bloodglucose level after injection of glucose was 204 mg/dL at 0 min, 496mg/dL at 15 min, 572 mg/dL at 30 min, 542 mg/dL at 60 min, 483 mg/dL at90 min, and 424 mg/dL at 120 min, and the increase in the blood glucoselevels was very rapid and the decrease in the blood glucose levels wasvery slow. On the other hand, in the test group administeredintraperitoneally with 10 mg/kg of Lobarstin, the blood glucose levelafter injection of glucose was 152 mg/dL at 0 min, 229 mg/dL at 15 min,307 mg/dL at 30 min, 205 mg/dL at 60 min, 162 mg/dL at 90 min, and 147mg/dL at 120 min, and thus a low increase and a fast decrease in theblood glucose level were observed, suggesting that the blood glucoselevel was normalized (see FIG. 34). The results of Examples 15-1 to 15-3indicate that the novel compound Lobarstin according to the presentinvention has a very excellent anti-diabetic effect.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

As described above, the novel compounds of the invention have veryexcellent PTP-1b (protein tyrosine phosphatase-1b) inhibitoryactivities, act selectively only on PTP-1b among protein tyrosinephosphatases, and are substantial PTP-1b inhibitors which are effectivein preventing or treating diabetes or obesity.

Although the present invention has been described in detail withreference to the specific features, it will be apparent to those skilledin the art that this description is only for a preferred embodiment anddoes not limit the scope of the present invention. Thus, the substantialscope of the present invention will be defined by the appended claimsand equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound represented by the following Formula3:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consistingof H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an allyl group, an arylalkyl group,and an acyl group.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound isrepresented by the following Formula 4:


3. A method for preparing a compound represented by the followingFormula 4, the method comprising the steps of: (a) extractingStereocaulon alpinum with methanol; (b) eluting the Stereocaulon alpinumextract, obtained in step (a), with an aqueous solution of methanol oracetonitrile (CH₃CN) by column chromatography; (c) eluting a fraction,eluted in step (b), with an aqueous solution of acetonitrile (CH₃CN) ormethanol by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography toobtain a lobaric acid-containing fraction; and (d) dissolving thelobaric acid-containing fraction in a solvent, adding a base thereto,stirring the mixture to react, adding an acidic solution to the mixtureto stop the reaction, and then collecting the compound of the followingFormula 4 from the mixture:


4. The method of claim 3, wherein in step (d), the solvent is acetone,the base is NaOH or KOH, and the acidic solution is a HCl solution, aH₂SO₄ solution or a HNO₃ solution.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein instep (d), the compound of the following Formula 4 is collected byconcentrating the acidic solution-containing mixture, partitioning theconcentrate between methylene chloride, chloroform or ethylene chlorideand an aqueous solution to obtain a methylene chloride, chloroform orethylene chloride layer, and concentrating the obtained layer:


6. A method for preventing or treating diabetes or obesity in a subject,the method comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising, as an active ingredient, a compound representedby the following Formula 3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consistingof H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an allyl group, an arylalkyl group,and an acyl group.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the compound isrepresented by the following Formula 4:


8. A method for preventing or alleviating diabetes or obesity in asubject, the method comprising feeding the subject with a functionalfood comprising, as an active ingredient, a compound represented by thefollowing Formula 3 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently selected from the group consistingof H, an alkyl group, an aryl group, an allyl group, an arylalkyl group,and an acyl group.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the compound isrepresented by the following Formula 4: